The use of differing test administration and instruction potentially results in _____ bias.

• A. Method bias
• B. Content bias
• C. Construct bias
• D. Item bias

Answer: (A)

Differing test administration and instruction can introduce method bias, bias that comes from how a test is delivered rather than what it measures. When directions, pacing, prompts, or the testing environment vary between groups, performance may reflect those procedural differences more than the actual ability or knowledge being assessed. For example, if one group receives clearer instructions or more time, their scores could be influenced by that setup rather than by skill level. Content bias would involve unfair content, construct bias involves a mismatch between what the test aims to measure and what it actually assesses, and item bias involves specific questions functioning differently for groups. Because the stem emphasizes differences in administration and instruction, method bias is the best fit.